ACT Advice Top 5 Tips on Preparing for the Test

ACT Advice Top 5 Tips on Preparing for the Test SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In the event that you’re searching for a succinct, viable rundown of the bestACT guidance, you’ve discovered it. Some of the time an excessive amount of data can accomplish more damage than anything else - in this post, I’ll spread out the five most importantthings you ought to do so as to excel on the ACT. How about we get to it! Tip #1:Figure Out Your Pain Points In case you're designing up to investigation for (and take) the ACT, you'll need to center onimproving your most fragile aptitudes. So what are the greatest, most regular issue zones that understudies have while getting ready for the test? 1. Content The ACT is certifiably not a one-subject test - so as to progress nicely, you'll need to get ready for the English, Math, Reading, and Science areas (also the discretionary Writing segment). In case you're feeble in a specific branch of knowledge in school, for instance, you may see a more vulnerable exhibition in the comparing ACT area. 2. Timing The ACT isdivided into carefully coordinated segments, which means you have less an ideal opportunity to both complete inquiries and check your work. You may know all that you have to know, yet at the same time have issues with finishing areas inside as far as possible. 3. Technique Many state administered tests (the ACT included) list befuddling or in any event, deceiving questions as well as answer decisions. You may lose focuses (regardless of whether you know the applicable material) on dubious inquiries like this. To excel on the ACT, you'll, obviously, need to think aboutall three significant issue territories. You'll need to invest energy thinking basically, however, about which of these regions are your major torment focuses - territories that are prompting the best loss of focuses. The most ideal approach to do this is to workthrough official ACT practicematerial. When you've experienced a couple of training segments (or, in a perfect world, an entire ACT practice test) under reasonable planning conditions, you can show signs of improvement thought of where you should center your endeavors. Begin by looking at our manual for considering your ACT practice tests. Tip #2:Make a Study Plan When you make sense of what you have to rehearse most, your following stage ought to be to spread out a period delicate and shortcoming touchy investigation plan. What I mean by this is you should set an investigation plan dependent on 1) the measure of time you need to get ready for the ACT, and 2) your test substance and system shortcomings. The measure of time you have to examine relies upon the amount you need to improve from your pattern score. Here are some broad rules for the measure of time you should prepare contingent upon thesegoals: 0-1 Composite Score Improvement: 10 hours 1-2 Composite Score Improvement: 20 hours 2-4 Composite Score Improvement: 40 hours 4-6 Composite Score Improvement: 80 hours 6-9 Composite Score Improvement: 150+ hours A few understudies canfollow through on an arrangement with simply autonomous examination, though different understudies admission better with assistance from a tutoror an ACT prep course. In the event that you’d like some more data on thinking of an investigation plan, look at our posts on to what extent you should read for the ACT and assembling an example study plan. Tip #3: Learn From Your Mistakes The most significant piece of concentrating successfully is basically breaking down how, why, and when you mess up. It’s additionally maybe the least fun piece of preparing for the ACT. Simply remember that if you’re not contemplating the issues, ideas, and systems that you’re feeble in, you’re passing up important chances to improve your score. Mix-ups and mistakes are just terrible on the off chance that you don't utilize them to improve. The enormous classes of blunders and mix-ups include: Reckless blunders - you ought to have known the correct answer Content issues - you didn't have the data expected to address the inquiry Cognizance issues - you were unable to make sense of what the inquiry was posing Mistakes because of timing - these generally occur toward the finish of an area There are some basic, however significant advances you ought to follow on the off chance that you need to gain from your slip-ups on ACT practice tests. Fortunate for you, we have a magnificent complete guide on these techniques. You can likewise look at progressively point by point data on thinking about ACT practice tests, ACT English, and ACT methodology botches. Tip #4: Work Efficiently You need to work effectively on the off chance that you need to excel on the ACT - this tip applies both when you’re reading for the test and when you’re really stepping through the examination. Basically if you’re not utilizing your time astutely, you’re sitting around. To work effectively as you study, it’s significant that you do a couple of things: Adhere to your investigation plan (Tip #2). It assists with defining sensible examination objectives, so you don't get occupied or diverted. Utilize the correct examination materials - don’t plan with training materials that won’t work well for you on the genuine test. Concentrate on your torment points(Tip #1)first! To work viably as you take the test,know that you'll be best on the off chance that you've worked on creating time the board aptitudes through your prep. In the event that you despite everything need assistance with timing, however, you should peruse increasingly about: Instructions to quit using up all available time on ACT perusing The most effective method to quit using up all available time on ACT math Time the executives for ACT science General ACT time the executives Tip #5:Take Care of Yourself Physically Mentally The entirety of the past ACT advicewon’t work well for you at all on test day if you’re focused, hungry, or tired. Regardless of the amount you might need to pack for the ACT the whole night prior, remember that your wellbeing and health is excessively significant with regards to your test execution. The ACT is a long distance race, not a run, so set yourself up the prior night for a psychological exercise. This implies getting a decent night’s rest and a sound breakfast (your cerebrum needs fuel, you know)! There are considerably more things you can never really mind of yourself the prior night and the morning of the ACT - following those systems will assist you with enhancing your score. Wrapping Up To put it plainly, here are the five most significant things you ought to do to get ready for the ACT: Make sense of your torment focuses Make an examination arrangement Gain from your mix-ups Work effectively Deal with yourself genuinely intellectually There's significantly more detail to get into with regards to preparing for the test, yet on the off chance that you follow this ACT exhortation, you'll be destined for success. What's Next? Next comes crafted by really reading for the ACT! As it's ideal to concentrate first on your shortcomings, you might need to find out about the three center territories of ACT prep: substance, timing, and strategy.Check out our advisers for ACT perusing, math, science, and composing. Peruse progressively about how to finish before time runs out when you're stepping through the exam. At long last, set out to find out about 12 a minute ago procedures that will support your score. Need to improve your ACT score by 4? Look at our top tier online ACT prep program. We ensure your cash back in the event that you don't improve your ACT score by at least 4. Our program is totally on the web, and it modifies your prep program to your qualities and shortcomings. We additionally have master teachers who can review all of your training ACT papers, giving input on the most proficient method to improve your score. Look at our 5-day free preliminary:

Analysis of A Black Birch in Winter :: Black Birch in Winter Essays

Investigation of A Black Birch in Winter     This sonnet is incredibly straightforward in the event that one comprehends the correlation being made. In spite of the fact that by saying that a tree may glance old in the winter yet it will seem renewed in the spring is the thing that Wilbur is discussing, he is relating and contrasting this with the life of a maturing man. The sonnet expresses that Old trees are destined to yearly resurrection, new wood, new life, new compass, and more prominent circumference. This implies that the tree will stretch and break a seemingly endless amount of time after year to oblige new development. This takes after a resurrection of the tree every year, yet additionally a maturing procedure. The sonnet discusses the old tree and relates it to a matured man. Or on the other hand the dug highlights of an matured man. It implies that the tree is practically identical to the matured man since it develops, stretches, and splits as the years pass by. The man becomes more seasoned and turns out to be progressively wrinkled or broke, too. He will keep on get progressively wrinkled and split as the years pass by. The tree can be viewed as something not that extravagant, similar to mosaic sections in a congregation, alongside the highlights of a matured man. The mosaic segments would give off an impression of being enormous and old, most likely scarred from climate and time, as a tree may look. As one looks and studies the old tree and its yearly resurrection, one may see that it resembles a structure of craftsmanship. What's more, this is all their shrewdness and their craft, to develop, stretch, split, and not yet break into pieces. The more seasoned trees get the more grounded they generally get. At the point when one ganders at the breaks and highlights of the tree, one can take note how solid and shrewd the tree is by all the examples and age blemishes on the tree. Rings are highlights that can tell how old a tree is. As the tree develops every year, and gets more grounded, the rings develop themselves around the old wood, which makes the tree greater. There are a few images in this sonnet a few pundits of the mental technique use. Yonic what's more, Phallic images will be pictures that delineate female and male pictures. Yonic images are inward images, which allude to females.

Sports and Social Media Cross Promotion At Its Best

Sports and Social Media â€" Cross Promotion At Its Best Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Sports and Social Media â€" Cross Promotion At Its BestUpdated On 09/01/2016Author : Farah KimTopic : Featured Social MediaShort URL : http://hbb.me/1oRm8aS CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogSocial Media and sports, when taken together, are driving up viewership and advertisement revenues the world over. For people who missed out on the big moments of yesterday’s big match, social media fills you in on all the details thanks to easy sharing of information.  Missed that amazing goal kick in the last minutes of the game yesterday? It is on your Facebook or Twitter news feed just waiting to be watched.Here are some of the ways social media and sports are complimenting and cross-promoting each other.Never underestimate the power of social media ‘trends’The English striker, Wayne Rooney’s increased Facebook fan presence is part of a ‘social trend’ during Euro 20 12. What does this tell us? That social networks have a snowballing effect on ongoing and popular events.With the Euro 2012 underway, many avid sport fans help define a ‘trending’ term, thanks to string theory. This increase in fan activity can make advertising firms and brand managers capitalize on trending terms on social networks. Facebook is one such powerhouse when it comes to creating a social trend and for other sports enthusiasts, this should be an eye opener for some fantastic sports marketing ideas.Social Media allows professional players to stay connected with fans more than ever.Social media and sports are collaborating in many ways as well. Case in point, Kevin Pietersen, former Test batsman, always invites a lot of feedback as he tweets during pre-game intervals and garners a lot of viewership for the impending game. Match discussions are no longer confined to traditional media outlets such as TV and print. Interacting with fans on a personal level is easier than e ver on social networks. Fans find this a great stimuli when their sports idols actually take out time to communicate with them.READ18 Things You Can Do To Increase Blog Subscription RateSocial Media Drives Viewership Levels and Ticket SalesMajor sports broadcasters such as ESPN are now offering live streaming of games on the internet for social media butterflies to keep an eye on. 1 in 3 people are known to follow the game on their mobile devices. No wonder ESPN reported a 210% increase in viewership than the last tournament edition in 2008.Ticket sales have risen as much as 3 times with social media pages promoting teams as well as individual sporting personality coverage round the clock. Use of Sweepstakes applications and fan pages on Facebook is cultivating renewed sports interest amongst those who are non-traditional sports followers. Also there is a big question whether Social Media headed for a Stock Market Burst?Social media and sports are proving to be a marriage made in he aven. It’s about time social media firms and advertising agencies utilized them for maximum benefit.

Written and Unwritten Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2406 Downloads: 12 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? TASK 1 Explain the written and unwritten law. Written law is the most important source of law. It refers to the portion of Malaysia law, which includes the following: Federal and State Constitutions; The Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the land. All of the thirteen states have their own constitutions known as the State Constitution. Legislation enacted by Parliament and the State Legislative Assemblies; such as Acts of Parliament, Ordinances and Enactments. Subsidiary Legislations; made by persons or bodies under powers conferred on them by Acts of Parliament or State Assemblies; such as Rules and Regulations, By laws and Guidelines. Unwritten law is simply that portion of Malaysia law, which is not written. These are part of Malaysian law which is not enacted by Parliament or the State Assemblies. Unwritten law is found in cases decided by the court, local customs, etc. Principles of English law applicable to local circumstances. Judicial decisions of the superior courts; such as the High Courts, Court of Appeal and the Federal Court. Customs of local inhabitants which have been accepted as law by the courts. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Written and Unwritten Law" essay for you Create order Based on the case law selected, identify and describe the sources of law applied in the case study. CHONG TENG v PUBLIC PROSECUTOR [C. A. (Thomson C.J Hill and Good JJ.A.) February 12, 1960 [K.L.-F.M. Criminal Appeal No. 43 of 1959] Cases referred to: Nazir Ahmad v. King-Emperor, 63 I.A. 372; A.I.R. 1936 R. v. Attard, 43 Cr. App. R. 90 Cheong See Leong v. Public Prosecutor [1948-19] M.L.J. Supp. 56 Thomson C.J (delivering the judgment of the Court): this appellant was tried at Seremban before Ismail Khan J., and a jury on a charge that on 16th August, 1959, at the Central Market in Seremban he murdered one fan Nam in contravention of section 302 of the Penal Code. He was convicted and sentenced to death. He appealed against his conviction and we dismissed his appeal on 12th January. The sources of law in the case that I mention above are case of appeal which is Court of Appeal involve in this case as a court. State the relevance of case laws within the construction industry. IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF MALAYSIA AT PUTRAJAYA [APPELLATE JURISDICTION] CIVIL APPEAL NO: W-02-2155-2010 Between PEREMBUN (M) SDN BHD APPELLANT And CONLAY CONSTRUCTION SDN BHD RESPONDENT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Plaintiff Conlay Construction Sdn Bhd claimed payment for construction work done under a sub-contract. The Defendant Perembun (M) Sdn Bhd counter-claimed. After a full trial, the High Court found in favour of the Plaintiff and dismissed the Defendants counter-claim. The Defendant appealed to this Court. TASK 2 Identify the hierarchy of courts in Malaysia. Superior courts of Malaysia The twoHigh Courtsin Malaysia have general supervisory and revisionary jurisdiction over all the Subordinate Courts, and jurisdiction to hear appeals from the Subordinate Courts in civil and criminal matters. (Based on Court system.ppt) Subordinate courts of Malaysia It is the court that consists of Session courts, Magistrate courts and Syariah courts. Which the type of cases is presided by their own types of courts judges. Session and Magistrate courts have the jurisdiction to hear both criminal and civil cases. While the Syariah courts has the limited jurisdiction over the matters of the state of Islamic law. (Based on Court system.ppt) With the aid of diagram indicate the courts in each tier. Figure 1: Court System State the type of case and the courts(s) involved in hearing the selected case law. Type Definition Example case Criminal law Crimes are classified according to the nature, damage or harm they cause. DPP v Majewski à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The defendant was charged with assault causing actual bodily harm and assault on a police officer in the execution of his dutyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Common law Law that became common to the realm. It uses evolving bodies of case (judge made) precedents. Sri Inai (Pulau Pinang) Sdn Bhd v Yong Yit Swe Ors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The first defendant (appellant) a school, rented an old dwelling house from the second defendant (tenth respondent) a local authority.] The first defendant rented the house which belonged to the second defendant for use as a hostel to accommodate some of its students. The second defendant despite knowing that young children would live in the old house did nothing to upgrade the building to ensure that it was safe for use as a hostel by young children. Subsequently a fire broke out in the house claiming the lives of several children and causing serious injury to othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Tort law A tort is a wrong not arising out of a contract. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s generally injury to persons and/or property, usually arising out of an accident. Mohr v. Williams (1905) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“P consented to surgery on right ear. Doctor operates on left ear, which he believes is worse. Court finds that since the doctor performed the surgery without her consent, it was wrongful, and since it was wrongful, it was unlawfulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Contract A legally binding agreement made between two or more parties, by which rights are acquired by one or more acts or forbearance on the part of the other or others. Hyde v. Wrench (1804) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The defendant offered to sell his farm for  £1000. The plaintiff, offered to buy the farm for  £950. This offer was rejected and the plaintiff then agreed to pay  £1000 and sought, unsuccessfully, to enforce the sale through the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Describe the appeal process based on the outcome of the case and the courts involved in the appeal process. Sampson v. Channell [110 F.2d 754(1st Cir.1940)] Court of Appeal: United States Court of Appealsdecision interpreting the application of theErie doctrine. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Theplaintiffhusband and wife were hit by a car inMaine; the driver of the other car was killed. The plaintiffs sued theestate (law)of the dead driver in theFederal District Courtin Massachusetts, naming theexecutorof the dead drivers estate as thedefendantand invoking the courtsdiversity jurisdiction. The District court applied general principles of conflicts of law, determining that Maine law should control the case because that is where the accident happened. Under Maine law, the plaintiffs had theburden of proofto show that they werenotcontributory negligent; had the court applied Massachusetts law, the defendant would have had the burden of showing plaintiffs contributory negligence. The plaintiff appealed, contending that the Massachusetts Federal District Court should have applied the law of Massachusetts. TASK 3 With appropriate example (s), express the meaning of the term tortuous liability= using your own words. Negligence Negligence is by far the most important of torts. It forms the cause of action in the majority of cases. The term of negligence is also found in the context of breach of contract, for example, where an architect is alleged to have carried out negligent design of supervision. A common type of action in negligence heard in the courts is that between two or more drives involved in a road accident. However, the plaintiff in an action for negligence must show that the defendant owed him a duty of care, that there was a breach of duty and that recoverable damage was thereby caused. Considering the first of these element, it is necessary to decide whether in the particular circumstance one person ( the defendant) owed a duty of care to the other ( the plaintiff). The classic test as to when a duty of care might arise was stated in the leading case of Donoghue v Stevenson. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The manufacture of ginger beer was held to owe a duty to the ultimate consumer, who found a d ecomposing snail in the empty bottle. The consumer could not sue in contract because the ginger beer had been purchased by a friend, and in any event the default was that of the manufacture, not the sellerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The law of tort remained comparatively dormant for some time after Donoghus case and it was not until Dutton v Bognor Regis UDC that the court began to grapple with the questions which subsequently came to dominate this area of law, namely the circumstances in which a duty would arise and the interrelationship between such duties and the type of damage. Nuisance Private nuisance may be defined as an unlawful interference with the use or enjoyment of another person land. The interference may result in damage to property, such as by flooding or vibrations, or it may be only an annoyance, such as excessive noise or dust. There must be a substantial interference. A nuisance is often a continuing state of affairs, although an isolated happening may support an action in nuisance. Person who lives in noisy or industrial neighborhoods must usually put up with the attendant discomforts, although actual damage to property will be actionable. Usually the only person who can sue for nuisance is the occupier of the land, although other persons may be able to sue on the same facts. Unlike negligence, liability for nuisance does not depend primarily on the standard of conduct of the defendant. Thus, it is not necessarily a defence to nuisance that reasonable care was taken to avoid it. Bit in the context of building and construction operations, th ose carrying out such work are under a duty to take proper precautions to see that nuisance is reduced to minimum. Thus, in Andreae v Selfridge, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“where a demolition contractor took no steps to minimize noise and dust near to the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hotel, and actionable nuisance was created for which the employer was liableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Trespass Trespass is an ancient set of wrongs which mainly deals with the direct, and usually intentional, invasion of a plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest in his person, his land or goods. There are two type of trespass namely to person and to land or goods. There are three type of trespass to person which is assault, battery and false imprisonment. Assault is an act of the defendant which causes to the plaintiff reasonable apprehension of the infliction of battery on him by the defendant. For example, to throw water on a person is an assault but if any drop falls onto the person, it is battery. In the case of Stepehns v Myers (1830), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the plaintiff was the chairman of a meeting. The defendant made many interruptions and it was agreed that he should be evicted. The defendant then advanced toward the plaintiff, declaring that he would pull him from the chair, but was stopped before he could reach him. It was held that defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s action constituted an assaultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Next, battery is the intentional and direct application of force on another person, either hostilely or against his will. For example, in the case of Pursell v Horn (1832) and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“where chair was pulled from under a person, causing him to fallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . False imprisonment consists of wrongful deprivation of personal liberty in any form. For example, in the case Warner v Riddiford (1858), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the defendant after dismissing the plaintiff as resident manager of a beer-house, prevented him from going upstairs to collect his belongings. It was held that this amounted to f alse imprisonmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Trespass to land is constituted by unjustifiable interference with the possession of land. In the case of Baxter v Taylor (1932), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the defendant exercising a purported right of way, entered upon land with a horse and cart and deposited stonesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Discuss the tortuous liabilities of the parties in the above-mentioned mishap. The tortuous liabilities of the parties in the above mentioned case disaster is about the liability in the construction. Means tortuous liability arises from the breach of a duty primarily fixed by law such duty is towards persons generally and its breach is redressed by an action of unliquidated damages. As mentioned above, the worker died at the scene was hit by falling metal formwork from the 12th floor of an office block under construction and his two co-workers were injured. Liabilities of the parties are that each party must be careful and always be aware of their surroundings while in the area of construction without happen mortality or injured as mentioned above. TASK 4 Define the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . A legally binding agreement made between two or more parties, by which rights are acquired by one or more acts or forbearance on the part of the other or others. List element of a contract. Capacity Intentions to create legal relations Voluntary Consideration Offer Acceptance Form of contract With the aid of a diagram, identify parties involved in the contract in Scenario 2. Analyse the contractual liabilities of the parties in Scenario 2. Client Client is one side that starts something construction project and also was the person that responsible to pay all works that was completed properly. Client need to be referred and negotiate to determine a thing which occupy and achieving goals. The importance, client must get legal approval related to project first before the project carried out. Apart from that, client must provide or supply contractor with all details, painting or big information. After that, client has to pass on cooperation to contractors after both agree conduct a project. Consultant In the building process, where design and construction are separate entities, it is the architect who receives the commissions from the client. The architect may require the assistance of consultants from other professional disciplines. The architect function is providing the client with an acceptable and satisfactory building upon completion. This will involve the proper arrangement of space within the building, shape, form, type of construction and material used environmental controls and aesthetic consideration. The architect will generally operate under the rules of agency on the part of the employer. This means that instructions given to the contractor will be accepted and paid for by the employer. Contractor The majority of the construction work in the UK is undertaken by a main contractor. The term general contractor is now outdated since relatively few of these firms undertake the work themselves. Contractors provide agreed services to a client for a set fee and possibly duration under a contract for services. (This is in contrast to a contract of service, e.g. a contract of employment, which is between an employee and employer). Contractors can charge the client fees by the hour, day or on a lump-sum basis. Their contracts often specify milestones for part payment, e.g. on completion of specific goals. Reference Abdullah N.C (2013). Question Answer on MALAYSIAN COURTS, STATUTES, CASES CONTRACT, TORT AND CRIMINAL LAW; International Law Book Services Ashworth A. (2006). Contractual Procedure in the Construction Industry; Prentice Hall Uff J. (2005). Construction Law, 9th Edition; Thomson

Understanding The Underlying Cultural Value Between An...

The ability for an outsider to accurately discern about the underlying cultural values of an organization by analyzing symbols, ceremonies, dress, or other observables aspects is more difficult than for an insider with several years of work experience (Lukasova, 2004). The difference in understanding the underlying cultural value between an outsider and an insider will vary from organization to organization and how often an employee interacts with an outsider. The Hofstede Centre (n.d.) defines culture as the â€Å"collective mental programming of the human mind which distinguishes one group of people from another.† Chipulu, Ojiako, Gardiner, Williams, Mota, Maguire, Shou, Stamai, and Marshall (2014), note that â€Å"culture can be at once tangible and observable; latent and unobservable; or even an abstraction altogether† (p. 367). Culture therefore has many dimensions. Some aspects of culture can be observed by analyzing symbols, ceremonies, dress, and other aspect s. On the other hand, some aspects are not observable from the outside, but have to be experienced. Looking only from the outside gives us only a glimpse into the culture values. A large part of culture is the unwritten rules of how things are done. This part of culture is not necessarily observable to an outsider. To fully understand the cultural values of an organization, you need to be inside the organization with access to those with years of work experiences. Geert Hofstede is most famously known for hisShow MoreRelatedShaping Attitudes And Behaviors Within An Organization Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pagesorganization, culture is the underlying values, beliefs, assumptions, and norms that contribute to a unique organizational social structure where members interact, work with each other, and accomplish goals (Daft, 2016; Sergui, 2015). 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Advertising Is A Visual Or Audio Communication That Employs

Advertising is a visual or audio communication that employs a non-personal message to promote to sell a product or a service ideal. Advertising is transferred through mass media including: newspapers, magazines, television, radio etc. Advertising is a way of delivering messages to customers and prospective customers. The intent is to persuade consumers that a company’s services or merchandises are the best. Advertising wants you to believe that the appearances of the models are exactly what they look like, when in actuality the models are photoshopped and altered, with the focus on one part of their bodies. The United States is, by far, the largest advertising market in the world. In 2015, more than 180 billion U.S. dollars were spent in†¦show more content†¦Wack and Marion E. Roberts stated in an editorial for The British Journal of Psychiatry in 2008, there are many serious consequences of being underweight, the main ones affecting to reproduction, bones and brain. On one hand, menstruation can become â€Å"irregular or absent† and fertility can decrease as well. On the other hand, poor nutrition can lead to osteoporosis, as it hinders bone development and makes bone turnover and repair more difficult. Finally, starving to reach or to maintain a zero size can damage the brain, as it interferes with homeostasis, causing â€Å"changes in drive, thoughts, feelings and behavior† and modifying â€Å"metabolic and physiological processes† (Climent). Binge eating is another disorder that models partake in after restricting themselves from eating. They tend to binge on foods until they cannot ingest anymore food and regurgitate it. It has been rumored that models indulge in taking drugs to maintain their zero sizes. In 2012, Russian model Kira Dikhtyar did an interview with Fox News stating what techniques models would use to starve themselves by using laxatives, Phentermine diet pills, and prescription drugs that suppress their appetites. 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HEALTH SERVICES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Essay Example For Students

HEALTH SERVICES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Essay This report give information on opportunities in health services management. It is expected that a proposal to have Heritage University develop and offer a health services management curriculum at the undergraduate level will be submitted within six months. Employment OpportunitiesPlaces of employment. People who are able to manage health services are needed in a wide variety of work settings. The most common place of employment for these individuals is hospitals, followed by the offices of physicians, dentists, and other health-related practitioner. Employment outlook. Careers in the health-care area are included in the Ten Best Careers for the 90s It is expected that the demand for health services managers will be string as the countrys population ages and needs increased health-care services. Also, demand for managers will increase as the providers of health care become more oriented to the bottom line because of competition. Educational OpportunitiesIn 1984, about 100 colleges and universities offered bachelors degree programs in health services administration. About 70 schools had programs leading to the masters degree in hospital or health services administrationBachelors degree programs. Health services managers are often recruited form the college or university from which they were graduated. In larger hospitals, they are often recruited to fill assistant department head positions. In smaller hospitals, they may be able to enter at eh department head level. Additional InformationThe organizations listed below will be contacted to gather additional information about academic programs in health services management. These organizations will be asked to recommend a curriculum design expert who could assist in developing the courses in the major. 1. American College of Health care Executives, 849 North Lake Shoure Drive, Chicago, IL 60611. 2. Association of University Programs in Health Administration, 1911 Fort Meyer Drive, Suite 503, Arlington, VA 22209. 3. National Health Council, Health Careers Programs, 70 West 40th Street, New York, NY 10018. 4. American College of Health Care Administers, P.O. Box 5890, 8129 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 200, Bethesda, MD 20814. ENDNOTES

How the design, function and content of web pages influence the meaning and value of information free essay sample

Web sites are swiftly becoming, and in some cases are already, the preferred media choice for information search, company presentation, shopping, education, gaming, socialising, and much more. In this day and age, where visual symbols play an increasingly important role in our day to day lives, the design, content, and function of web pages, play a pivotal part in influencing the meaning and value of information. The meaning and value of information can be worked out by a few simple questions; who is the author of this information? Who is the supplier? Why is it provided/what is its purpose? Who are the intended audience? What is the source? And finally, how current and accurate is it? The last two questions are probably the most relevant when it comes to the value, as if it were a secondary, out-dated, and inaccurate source, it would not be very valuable. The terms design, function, and content must be looked at and defined to answer this question. We will write a custom essay sample on How the design, function and content of web pages influence the meaning and value of information or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Design of a web page mainly refers to how the page looks to the user and the layout of it as well. Whereas function is all about how the website works, whether it is easy or not for the user to navigate around the site or whether or not links and images work on the site. Finally, content is the text, images and other elements that make up the core of the web page. In this essay we will be looking at issues ranging from the opportunities the web provides us with to present information, to the challenges that are created when information is displayed online. In addition to this, we will also be looking at issues such as how we are able to establish the quality of our information as well as how the presentation and design of web pages influence the value of our information in particular. The web provides us with many opportunities to present our information on our web pages. It enables us to attract key audiences through the use of styling our web pages. This is apparent in websites aimed at children, which will have loud/bright colours, interesting fonts, and easy to use features. A prime example of this would be the cbeebies BBC website, here the site is; easy to navigate, bright and colourful, and even has some cartoon style fonts in use to attract their main audience of children. The web also allows us to present information in a way that enables us to communicate our goals and ideas with the general public. For example, you can use links to websites you want your users to visit. I made use of this in my personal page, where I invited users to check my racing team’s page, to create public awareness. Not only this, but the web allows us to present our information in a way that lets users disseminate between what they want to know and what they don’t. Integral search bars are a perfect example of this but also navigation tools such as putting in a category function to a website. If I had had more information to present a navigation tool would have definitely been a priority for my web pages, however, with there being a small amount of information, I felt this would not be of great use. Finally, the web provides us with the opportunity to present information around the globe. The internet is becoming more world-wide as time progresses and with this, comes the opportunity to reach out to audiences around the globe. With the introduction of browsers that can translate a whole page, language is not a large issue anymore. In addition to the web providing us with opportunities to present our information, the fact that it is on the web influences the way in which it is shared with others. A company who uses the internet, for example, rather than newspapers or local adverts to increase public awareness of themselves, will most likely come across as modern, current, innovative etc. Marc Benioff highlighted this point when he explained, â€Å"The companies that will be successful in the future recognise the need for fundamentally changing the way they engage with their customers, and are transforming themselves into social enterprises and radically altering the way they manage their businesses. † This highlights the need for companies to embrace the internet, and that the web presence of information can indeed influence the way in which it is shared in a positive way. It helps answer one of the questions posed earlier about how current the information is. There are several challenges that derive from having information online on web pages. One of which being the challenge of accessibility. This is a key challenge in having information in web pages being online. A website needs to be as accessible as possible, meaning making your website accessible for people of various backgrounds, abilities and disabilities. To do this, one must design and develop the web page so that all users have the same access to the information, as well as the functionality and features of the site. One such way I found that I was able to do this was through the use of ‘ALT’ tags. An example would be ‘alt=An image of the three OSW racing cars. ’ ‘ALT’ tags are a way in which people who may have a visual impairment are able to know what is on the web page through the use of a screen reader. Getting a website to function, and do so well, can also be a large challenge. Attracting users to your website is only half the battle. If a user arrives at your website and they are unsure of how to navigate their way through, for example, then they will probably leave as quickly as they came. One such way in which I tried to address this was by making it clear to users how to get between my pages. I put my links at the top of the page in a clear and concise way so that users will be able to navigate easily without any stress. These challenges reflect how the design, content and function influence the meaning and value of information. If a website is not accessible for everyone, then some people will obviously be unable to assess the meaning of your information. Just as if users cannot actually use the website they will not value the information. This quote from ‘usability first’ highlights this perfectly, â€Å"When users feel stupid, their blood pressure goes up, their heart rate increases, and they get a little hot under the collar. This visceral negative reaction begins to harm trust and brand perception almost immediately. † Establishing quality of information on web pages is paramount to getting users to value your information. Design, function and content of web pages can all help to establish the quality of information. Information that is presented to you in a disorganised way that is even hard to understand will be of less use to you. This is why design is so important in influencing the quality of information. Getting the design of your web page right can make information so much easier to understand and therefore, perceived as better quality by users. One such way I tried to make my information easier to understand was through separation of my subjects into clear and concise paragraphs. Function is equally as important when it comes to quality of information. As we have seen previously, if the web page is hard to use and functionality is poor then they are not going to value that information. Finally, content also plays a key part in securing the quality of information. In order to secure this quality, the content must be accurate, relevant, and whenever possible up to date. If the information isn’t accurate, relevant or up to date then users will not regard it with high quality, nor will they value the information. The value of information on web pages can be influenced by design and presentation through more than just establishing the quality. A key area within design and an issue that greatly affects how users will value your information is colour schemes. In web design colours play a critical role, they create emotion, they influence purpose and they make us react in different ways. This means that the wrong choice of colour scheme can actually harm how users value the information of web pages. This topic is of particular interest to myself, and actually poses a challenge as I have a colour blind deficiency. When I was making my style sheets I had to keep in mind the fact that colour is so important. Not only did I have to choose which colours to go with but I also had to make a decision on which style sheet I would use for each page and why. In the end I decided to use the creative style sheet for my personal page because I’d like to think of myself as creative and this gave me the opportunity to portray this. I chose orange as the dominant colour on this page for two reasons; one being that it is the colour of my racing team, and two, that it is associated with enthusiasm, ambition and creativity. Again, giving me the opportunity to get across my ideas/goals, i. e. hinting to users that I possess those traits (or that I think I possess them). The meaning and value of information is very important when it comes to making a web page. We have seen that the design, function and content of web pages all play a huge role in influencing this. For example, we have seen that the web provides us with multiple opportunities to present our information such as getting our information across to key audiences and communicating our goals and ideas with them. In addition to this, the web presence of our information helps increase the value of information through appearing to others as modern. We also looked at the many challenges that are created when having a web page and how overcoming these challenges by making your website easier to use through functionality, can indeed influence in a positive way, the meaning and value of information. Also, we assessed the importance of establishing the quality of our information and how the design, content and function of our web pages enabled us to do this. Finally, we looked at how important design and presentation, and colour schemes in particular, are in influencing the value of information. To sum it all up, the design, function and content of web pages have a broad influence on the meaning and value of information. However, in order to have a positive effect, the design, function and content of our web pages must be used correctly and efficiently.

THE NETWORK AS SOMEWHERE ELSE EVERYTHING AS A SERVICE essay

THE NETWORK AS SOMEWHERE ELSE EVERYTHING AS A SERVICE essay THE NETWORK AS SOMEWHERE ELSE: EVERYTHING AS A SERVICE essay THE NETWORK AS SOMEWHERE ELSE: EVERYTHING AS A SERVICE essayIn actuality, the development of the cloud computing becomes extremely popular because the demand on the clouding services grows fast. Companies as well as individual users need to create effective networks which can store and process huge volumes of information. In such a situation, cloud computing becomes an efficient solution because it is affordable and offers users the possibility to use the cloud server to store the information that may be available to all users, who use the particular cloud, for instance, employees of the particular company.Software as a service is likely to dominate in the future in information management because this cloud service offers the best opportunities for businesses to maintain their information management effectively and securely. The main reason for the development of software as a service grows more and more popular because it is convenient to use for companies, who need effective networ k solutions. At this point, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that today many companies suffer from the information overload and they have to process information fast and effectively.In this regard, it is worth mentioning the fact that organizations tend to the wider use of the cloud technology because they need to store and process huge volume of information, while hard drivers installed on their PCs and laptops cannot store such a huge volume of information. More important, businesses need to share the information between employees that forces them to create networks. Local networks connective several PCs allow users to have access to the information but this technology is plausible only, when there are a few employees, who know perfectly each other and where the information is stored on the PC of each other. Such networks become absolutely ineffective in organizations that have a large number of employees because they cannot use get access to the information of all us ers. At any rate, they will definitely have difficulties with accessing that information because they may not always be able to locate where the target information is stored exactly.In such a context, software as a service model is apparently advantageous because all the information is stored on the server, which all users can access anytime they need. The software as a service model eliminates barriers on the access of users to the information. Therefore, employees can access the information they need easily and fast. All they need to do is to access the server and get the information which they need.Furthermore, software as a service allows storing huge volume of information which facilitates the information storage for the organization. In addition, employees of the company can operate autonomously they do not even need to know what other users are doing, where they store their information and so on as is the case of peer to peer networks. Software as a service offers customers p lausible solution based on the use of the software that allows organizations to create and maintain their network effectively. They can modify their networks as they like.At the same time, software as a service is cost efficient-compared to other clouding models. In fact, software as a service allows users the high level of security, on the one hand, the relatively low cost of the implementation of the solution, on the other. Moreover, software as a service offers a ready-made software solution for businesses. They do not need to customize those solutions. Instead, they just buy it and use it. Therefore, software as a service model does not need the extensive training of employees to use it effectively.Opponents of software as a service argue that this cloud service is unreliable because the entire network will shut down in case of the failure of the service. Moreover, the entire network will not work properly even if the server just has some troubles that prevent it from normal fun ctioning. However, such a view on the software as a service is superficial because users can implement software applications that allow creating redundant drives or even using the second server to backup the main server, if it fails to function properly or just shuts down.At the same time, some critics () are concerned with the information security of software as a service model. In fact, the risk of information breaches in case of using software as a service model is higher compared to more complex solutions, such as platform as a service or infrastructure as s service. On the other hand, the information security can be enhanced since software solutions may be complex and effective in regard to the information security. In addition, software applications are normally updated regularly, while information security becomes one of the major concerns of software developers. This is why it is possible to presuppose that developers of software as a service product will minimize the risk o f information breaches. Therefore, this is why service as a service is likely to become mainstream in the nearest future. Moreover, businesses do need using software as a solution, when they need to use cloud services and when they want to save costs. In addition, users will choose software as a service, if they are not proficient in cloud technology and information technologies because this model of cloud services is the simplest and easiest to use. In case of mass use of information technologies, simplest and most efficient ones normally win. Obviously, many companies may be unwilling to invest into the training of their employees or development of their own IT department to use more complex clouding services and technologies. Instead, they are likely to stick to the simpler clouding model, i.e. to software as a service.Thus, the development of the clouding technology and growing demand on the affordable and reliable clouding services make software as a service the most attractive choice for businesses in the nearest future. Software as a service is attractive because it is relatively cheap, reliable and, in spite of criticism, this technology may be secure.

Instructional Design Models Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Instructional Design Models - Case Study Example This essay offers an in-depth description of the ADDIE model, examines the strengths and weaknesses of the ADDIE design process, and ultimately considers the implementation of this instructional design process in terms of a twelfth-grade high school English lesson. Perhaps the greatest strength of the ADDIE model is its flexibility in variations. While there are a multitude of variations on the ADDIE model, one of the most common includes the process of rapid prototyping (Branch 2009). This process functions to provide instant continuous feedback on the model’s efficacy. While the ADDIE model presents an effective design paradigm, as with all instructional design models it’s necessary to consider education and psychological theories, including constructivism, behaviorism, and cognitivism, in developing a workable platform for learning (Branch 2009). Even within this flexibility, one can contend that the process of learning is complicated to the extent that high levels or learner interaction with the instructor and material is necessary to achieve higher levels of thought. In these regards, a weakness of the ADDIE model is its static nature (Leshin, Pollock, Reigeluth 1992). During the ‘analysis’ phase of the ADDIE model, the designer identifies the learning problem that is to be approached. This involves a wide variety of questions, including what goals are to be achieved, the learners’ specific prior knowledge, as well as other important characteristics (for instance, learners with learning disabilities). Furthermore, one must consider educational and psychological theoretical approaches. In terms of the example of a twelfth-grade high school English lesson the problem that has been identified as needing of a design model is the students’ writing skills. The students are in a twelfth grade honors English class so they have a relatively strong understanding of the English language, and have written a

Effects of Language Difference on Subsidiary Performance Essay - 1

Effects of Language Difference on Subsidiary Performance - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that multinational enterprises investment firms struggle to diversify in their field of investment in foreign countries. This is because they focus on hiring and recruiting new employees of different language backgrounds in their respective nationalities. Language can be termed or described a chosen unique system of conceptual symbols that let individuals communicate effectively. Language generally is the greatest used mediator which facilitates understanding and relation between management, employees, and customers of every given business. A multi linguistic human resource usually gives out benefits, for example, a larger and wider range of perspectives. This workforce also gives a greater competitive ability generally in the marketplace globally. Multinational enterprises that are venturing into new economies are faced with the new language and cultures which should be overcome to ensure organizational goals and objectives are achieved. M ultinational enterprises can be defined as financial firms and entities that are involved in the supply of services and goods in at least two or more economies. These corporations are large in size and they are involved in different forms and fields of business activities in different countries. Increased competition, venturing into new business form and globalization has forced most business firms alongside with their employees to interact with different nationalities. This has been caused by variation in availability of resources. Surveys show that languages play an important part in communication in multinational enterprises. A workforce with different language background may encounter language barrier if working together. This leads to misunderstanding it also suggests that language barrier causes ineffective communication or it may cause miscommunication within a company. According to past studies, they indicate that language does not only facilitate communication. The language barrier will not affect the human resource only, it also hinders effective communication. Customers will find it hard to communicate out their need or even fail to get important information about particular or certain services or products being offered by Multinational Corporation.

Importance of Communication in Daily Life

Importance of Communication in Daily Life To effectively communicate, we must realize that we are all different in the way we perceive the world and use this understanding as a guide to our communication with others. Anthony Robbins Communication Is Integral To Human Life Communication is deeply intertwined with the human existence. It is an integral part of it. One cannot think of human life without communication. Can you imagine what would happen if you are not allowed to talk for a long time? You would feel suffocated. In personal life, we need to communicate to deal with various concerns and problems of daily life. In professional life also, it is communication that helps us to build healthy relations and credibility with co-workers. Only speaking/talking is not communication. Communication can take place in many forms. Sometimes, we communicate by talking about our ideas, thoughts or emotions; at other times, we may wish to communicate through the written word or even non-verbally. Whatever form we choose, getting the message across is what communication is all about. Communication is a process that is dynamic, continuous, and irreversible but at the same time, it is reciprocal in nature. It is an ongoing process. Roughly, we can define communication as a shared meaning between two or more individuals. The shared meaning arises out of the individuals experiences, background, education and training. Similarity in experiences, background, training, etc. makes communication successful between individuals. Communication helps us to understand others. The inability to communicate can lead to a lot of problems both personally and professionally. Imagine a day without communicating! We can instantly feel the void it would create. Can we ever forget that it is our ability to communicate verbally that distinguishes us from animals? Communication helps form a powerful bond among people and makes us social beings. Besides, knowledge is not the sole requirement for the achievement of success. A person may possess good knowledge, but his/her performance will be evaluated largely on the basis of his/her ability to communicate. Therefore, if you are a good communicator, you have better chances of success in life and in business. 1.2 COMMUNICATION FOR BUSINESS Communication has become indispensable today. Human activity will come to a standstill if there is no communication. All human transactions become possible only through communication. It is the life-blood of every business organization. Especially in todays globalized market economy, effective communication is vital to the success and survival of any organization. Businesses need people with good communication skills because communication is an essential part of the kind of work that is done in business organizations. It extends across all areas of business, including managerial, technical, clerical and social positions. In present times, several factors have contributed to the significance of communication. They are- faster means of communication because of scientific and technological advancements shrinking geographical boundaries because of the availability of faster means of transport growth of the multinational companies that has resulted in the creation of a globalized market economy generation of highly advanced management techniques as a result of the growing importance of professionalism in the management of business the information revolution that has brought with it highly sophisticated networking technologies multiplication of systems of communication at all levels of organization because of specialized knowledge that has lead to departmentalization advancements in the field of social sciences such as in psychology and in sociology that have created an awareness about the human mind and behaviour and how they influence communication Communication undertaken by a business organization with the purpose of achieving certain specific goals is known as business communication. In fact, business communication is a special type of communication undertaken to meet the needs of the organization. Powerful concepts in modern management like participation, motivation, involvement revolve around communication. According to R. Ludlow, Business communication is a process of transfer of information and understanding between different parts and people of a business organization. It consists of various modes and media involved in communication interchanges. Effective communication is needed for growth and development of any organization. H.G. Hicks has rightly pointed out- Communication is basic to an organizations existence from birth of the organization; when communication stops, organized activity ceases to exist. Improving communication skills improves the chances for success of a business. Effective communication brings progress and prosperity to it. Moreover, in this age of specialization, planning, production, sales, advertising, finance, welfare, etc. are handled by different departments. In absence of effective communication, there would be a serious problem of co-ordination among these departments and there would only be chaos and confusion in the organization. Communication is also quite significant keeping in mind the growing importance of human relations and human resource management in todays world. Communication helps a manager in developing meaningful relationships with the subordinates, changing their attitudes, boosting their morale and soliciting their cooperation. Communication links people together to achieve common goals. It is also required to maintain good public relations. Thus, executives are often expected to give speeches and interviews to the media in order to project a favourable image of the organization. Effective communication is required to handle various crises and conflicts of interests in an organization. It is also needed in order to impart adequate training to the employees in handling latest technology. Subordinates often resent the introduction of changes in the methods of working. This poses a challenge to the management to educate the employees so that they can smoothly adapt to the dynamic character of the organization. They also have to work at alleviating the fear that these changes are likely to generate unemployment. Thus, effective communication can help in changing the negative attitude of the employees towards technological advancement. It facilitates meetings which play an important role in the functioning of an organization. Effective business communication depends not only on the skills of the sender of the message but also on the skills of the one who receives that message. Thus, one may say that communication is not an end in itself; rather, it is a means to achieve an end. 1.3 PRE-REQUISITES OF COMMUNICATION Now the question is- What is communication and how it can be accomplished? What do we require to carry out communication? Hence, prior to looking at the meaning of communication, it would be helpful to know how we prepare for it. For instance, you want to write a letter. What all do you need for it? A piece of paper. A pen. A desk for support. Is there anything else that you require besides these things? Certainly you do. You need to dwell on three important things- 1. Purpose 2. Content 3. Skills These three precede all speaking or writing. WHAT TO COMMUNICATE- CONTENT Information Observation/ Receive by Select/Reject Think and Understanding Attention listening or as per your evaluate results into by reading interest, need the information knowledge or expectation This is how information is processed in to being knowledge. Knowledge generates in you the confidence to communicate. If you are well prepared with the content, then half the work is done. It is the urge to express something that begins communication. It can be an idea, an emotion, an opinion or some information. Without this basic idea/need, there can be no communication. However, we do not communicate whatever comes to our mind immediately. There is a need to plan- what to communicate, how to communicate and whom to communicate it to. We do not communicate without a purpose; therefore, it is essential to answer these questions before actually communicating. This helps us to communicate effectively and to get a desirable response from the person with whom we are exchanging our ideas. WHY TO COMMUNICATE- PURPOSE Speakers/ will hear/see Purpose of Writers Listener/ Communication Expectation Reader will listen/read will understand will act/respond THE PURPOSE IS FULFILLED Purpose is the primary pre-requisite of all meaningful communication. The sender initiates communication with some purpose i.e. expectation. S/he expects the receiver to hear/see his message, to listen/read it attentively, to understand it and to act/respond to it. When the receiver gives feedback or performs the expected action, then communication is said to be successful. However, the response would depend on various factors like concentration, physical surroundings and psychological makeup of the receiver. The next question is- how do we communicate? Communication does not just mean speaking or writing. We are communicating even when we smile or shrug our shoulders. However, when we decide to communicate, we need some medium through which to transfer that idea to the other person. HOW TO COMMUNICATE- SKILLS You may possess good knowledge and may be ready to convey it but if you do not know how to do it, it would not be effective. Poor speaking or writing skills is a real hurdle in communication. Speaking Skills Read aloud: Take a small piece of writing from a newspaper, magazine or a book and read it out loud. This will help you to know how you speak- your voice tone, pitch, etc. Observe: Observe how people speak- their pronunciation, accent, intonation, stress, style, rhythm, etc. Try to emulate the speaking style of good speakers. This will help you to improve your own style of speaking. (For a detailed note on speaking skills, writing skills and non-verbal communication, refer Chapter 2 Types of Communication.) Just the idea/information that the communicator has, the media of transmission available and the presence of the receiver are not enough for communication to take place. We need a proper context and an atmosphere where there are no hindrances in the communication process. Does communication end after the idea is communicated? As stated earlier, we communicate with a purpose. Expression of the idea/information is half the work done. But communication is considered complete only when there is some response from the receiver. Only then we can say that the purpose of communication is fulfilled. Communication involves three basic activities on the part of both the participants i.e. the sender and the receiver. On the senders part, they are- Thinking to develop the content to form a message Speaking/Writing to convey the message to the other person Feeling to make the message persuasive On the receivers part, the activities include- Listening/Reading to absorb the idea/information contained in the message Interpreting to understand the meaning of the message Responding to convey the acceptance or the disagreement with the message Communication has always been an important part of human life. Language and the ability to express ourselves using that language come to us spontaneously. And the need to communicate is so inherent in human nature that we hardly realize that effective communication skills can be acquired and honed. There are four basic communication skills- speaking, writing, listening and reading. They always work in the following adjacency pairs- Speaking/writing is handled by the sender of the message and listening/reading by the receiver of the message. Mastering these four skills is very essential if one wants to become an effective communicator. As children, we learn to speak by listening first. Thus, listening is the first skill that we acquire as we develop the language instinct. Then follows the reading skills once we start schooling and lastly we learn the writing skills as a part of our formal education. Thus, learning language/s and the related communication skills follow a systematic process. It does not happen accidentally and instantaneously. Despite of this, people often turn out to be poor communicators as most of us tend to take its importance for granted. Most of the time, we fail to achieve our objective while we communicate. This happens because of our failure to convey our ideas in a precise and clearly understandable manner. There may be a lack either in the content of the message or in the way in which it is conveyed to the intended audience, or both. The point is we do not normally focus much on what to communicate, when to communicate and how to communicate. Also, we need to consider another equally important aspect why to communicate i.e. the purpose. Thus, it is very important for us to recognize and study the essential elements involved in the process of communication in order to become effective communicators. Every aspect of life, whether personal, social or professional, involves communication. The basic meaning of the word communication is- an exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behaviour. The meaning of the word has not undergone much change. However, the ways and means of communication have changed greatly as a result of technological and other socio-cultural developments in recent times. Thus, these advancements have added numerous new dimensions to the communication process, which has become more complex over a period of time. It, thus, calls for a detailed study of the various components that are involved in it in order to be able to communicate effectively. 1.4 DEFINING COMMUNICATION In order to understand the term communication, it would be useful to have a look at some definitions given by the experts. The word communication is derived from the Latin word communis which means to transmit, to impart, to exchange, to share, or to convey. Communication means the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. (Oxford English Dictionary) Communication is a two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange (encode-decode) information but also create and share meaning. (Business Dictionary) According to Newman and Summer, Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons. Keith Davis states Communication is a process of passing information and understanding from one person to another. F.G. Meyer defines communication as the intercourse by words, letters or messages, the intercourse of thoughts or opinions. It is the act of making ones ideas and opinions known to others. In the words of Theo Haimann, Communication is the process of passing information and understanding from one person to anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is the process of imparting ideas and making oneself understood by others. According to C.G. Brown, Communication has been defined as the transfer of information from one person to another, whether or not it elicits confidence or becomes an exchange or interchange. But the information transferred must be understandable to the receiver. William Scott defines communication as a process which involves the transmission and accurate replication of ideas ensured by feedback for the purpose of eliciting actions which will accomplish organizational goals. Louis A. Allen says, Communication is the sum of all the things which a person does when he wants to create understanding in the mind of another. It involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening, and understanding. According to McFarland, Communication may be broadly defined as the process of meaningful interaction among human beings. More specifically, it is a process by which meanings are perceived and understanding is reached among human beings. These definitions explain communication as a process of passing information and understanding (Keith Davis) a two-way process of reaching mutual understanding (Business Dictionary) the act of making ones ideas and opinions known to others (F.G. Meyer) the process of imparting ideas and making oneself understood by others (Theo Haimann) the transmission and accurate replication of ideas ensured by feedback for the purpose of eliciting actions (William Scott) a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening, and understanding (Louis A. Allen) a process by which meanings are perceived and understanding is reached among human beings (McFarland) Thus, these definitions adequately highlight and express in concise form the important features of the process of communication. In short, we can define communication as a process in which two or more elements of a system interact in order to achieve a desired outcome or goal. (Larry L. Barker and Deborah A. Gaut, Communication; 2001) 1.5 FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION On the basis of the above discussion, let us now discuss certain important features of the process of communication. 1. It is an exchange of ideas. Communication is the process through which an exchange of information takes place. It is the sharing of information, ideas, concepts and messages. 2. Two parties are involved in it. In communication, the exchange of information takes place between two or more persons. This implies that there are minimum two people involved in the communication process at any given time. The one who initiates the exchange is the sender of the message (speaker/writer) and the one who receives and interprets it is the receiver of the message (listener/reader). 3. It is a two-way process. Communication is a two-way process of exchanging ideas or information. One person alone cannot carry out communication. When you communicate, there has to be a receiver or an audience that would reciprocate. Then only your communication can be complete. Thus, communication is a process of transmitting and receiving verbal and non-verbal messages. It is considered effective only when it achieves the desired reaction or response from the receiver. The response may be positive or negative. In case of absence of any response, communication is incomplete. Thus, communication is effective only when a concise and clear message is delivered well, received successfully, understood fully, and responded to promptly. 1.6 OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNICATION There is no human action that is done without any purpose. Even the simplest and most natural action like breathing has a purpose- to stay alive. Communication is also always carried out with some purpose. (Refer 1.3 Pre-requisites of Communication) Communication begins with two-fold objectives or purposes that occupy the senders mind: Immediate or Primary to convey or to share Objectives information of Communication Ultimate or Secondary to convince or to persuade people To inform and to persuade are the two basic purposes (goals) that are ever present in the mind of a communicator. Sometimes, he seeks only to inform, as in scientific writings; sometimes, his goal is to persuade the reader, as in journalistic writings; and oftentimes, he wants both to inform and to persuade the reader, as in sales letters, advertisements, etc. Communication is vital to business. The communication activities of an organization fall into three broad categories: 1. Intra-organisational Communication FORMAL Business 2. Inter-organisational Communication Communication 3. Personal INFORMAL Communication 1. Intra-Organisational Communication It is communication within an organization. It is done to implement business plans. It takes many forms like orders, instructions, reports, emails, etc. 2. Inter-Organisational Communication It is communication that a business organization does with people outside the organization i.e. with other companies, customers, clients, general public, etc. It takes the form of planned publicity to improve its image and public relations with the help of business messages, advertising, displays, etc. The success of a business depends on its ability to fulfill the customers needs. Besides providing services, it must communicate effectively with outside people and groups for its success. 3. Personal Communication It is communication without a specific business objective i.e. without an ulterior motive or purpose. Man is a social animal, therefore we have a compulsive need to communicate even when we have nothing substantial to convey. Such communication also occurs in the workplace. For example, personal conversations, gossip, Grapevine phenomenon, etc. If one is not allowed to engage in such casual communication, it may lead to frustration and other such psychological problems. (For a more detailed discussion on corporate communication, refer Chapter 7 Formal and Informal Networks of Communication.) The primary objective of communication is to convey or share information. Business organizations have to deal with a large and varied amount of information on a daily basis in order to conduct various business activities. Thus, proper flow of information helps them to make right decisions. Another equally important objective of communication is to persuade people to accept a point of view or to change their attitude and accept a new or modified attitude. Persuasion is achieved through logical arguments or an emotional appeal to accept the change. Advertisements are an apt example of the persuasive nature of communication. Essentially, all communication is a deliberate and intentional act of persuasion. A communicator wants the reader not only to understand the message but also to be influenced as intended by him. (For a detailed discussion, refer 10.6 Persuasive Communication, Chapter 10 Nature of Attitude and its Influence on Communication) Communication helps to convey information from experts to trainees in an organization for the purpose of educating or training them to handle new technology or to adapt to the changes in the work environment. Communication is an effective tool in the hands of the managers to motivate and to boost the morale of the employees. This enables the organization to achieve higher productivity. Through advice and counseling, the management can help the employees in dealing with their emotional problems as well as problems pertaining to maladjustment and also to give career guidance. By means of letters of appreciation, special mention in reports, minutes of meetings, etc., the management can appreciate the work of the employees. In case of strikes, lockouts, and dismissal of individual employees or disciplinary action against them, the management uses communication channels to issue warnings. Communication also helps in co-ordination of intra-organisational activities, inter-organisational transactions, business transactions, and commercial transactions by means of conferences, meetings, advertisements, requests, suggestions, reviews, and discussions. Without communication, coordinating the activities of different persons engaged in running a business is a remote possibility. The management and the subordinates come closer through communication. Communication promotes cooperation and good industrial relations as it conveys feelings, ideas, opinions, and viewpoints of one party to the other party. The policies and programs formulated by the organization to guide the workforce have to be conveyed to those who are responsible for the execution of work to achieve the organizational objectives. Only effective communication can translate the plans into actions. It aids teamwork by enabling people to work together. It helps perform basic management functions like instructing, coordinating, staffing, planning, etc. Thus, these are the few important objectives of communication in the context of business organizations. So far, we have discussed what comprises communication and the significance of communication in our personal, social as well professional life. We have also highlighted some of the fundamentals of communication. Let us now analyse the process of communication and see how it is accomplished. 1.7 PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION Process is a series of things done to achieve something. Communication also follows a process. Communication begins when the sender/encoder identifies the need to communicate some idea/concept/information. He then encodes/formulates it into a message using a medium which can be understood by the receiver/decoder of the message who in turn processes it in his mind and responds to it. When the decoder understands the message completely, fidelity of communication is said to be 100% and the communication process is said to be complete. (Refer David Berlos Model of Communication) Thus, communication is a two-way process. Fidelity of Communication Idea Idea Concept Encoder Medium Decoder Concept Message Message Information Information Fidelity of Communication David Berlos Model of Communication If necessary, the receiver may send a reply or may respond or react to the message. This response or reaction is also known as feedback. But sometimes, there may be no response at all from the receiver even if it is required. Absence of feedback can be attributed to either of the following reasons- a) the message does not reach the receiver or b) the receiver fails to understand the message. Such situations may arise due to the presence of some factor/s that can- a) obstruct the message from being transmitted or b) distort the meaning of the message. The factors that hamper the flow of communication are known as barriers to communication. (Refer Chapter 4 Resolving Barriers to Communication) Communication occurs in five phases and it consists of the following eight components which are inter-related: Idea Sender/Encoder (Speaker/Writer) Encoding Message Channel and Medium Receiver/Decoder (Reader/Listener) Decoding Feedback Let us now discuss in detail the various stages and elements involved in the communication process. PHASE I- IDEATING: 1) Idea Every message whether oral or written has its origin in an idea that germinates in the mind of the sender of the message. Every idea refers to some context. Context is a common frame of reference within which the sender and the receiver communicate with each other. Thus, the idea or information that the sender wants to convey to the receiver is the source of the message in the communication process. 2) Sender/Encoder The person who initiates the communication process is referred to as the encoder. The process of communication begins with the sender who identifies the need to communicate. He may want to inform or to persuade or to influence or to make the receiver take a particular course of action. The sender must have a clear picture in his mind about what he wants to communicate and should accordingly select symbols, words, images, etc. that would best convey his ideas to the receiver. He must identify his audience and formulate the message in such a way that the receiver understands fully what he intends to convey and interprets it within the same context. PHASE II- ENCODING: 3) Encoding Encoding takes place when the sender formulates his idea into a message to be transmitted to the receiver, using a series of symbols- verbal and/or non-verbal, written or oral. The sender should encode his message keeping in mind the purpose of communication and he should select words or symbols so as to make the receiver understand the communication correctly and to achieve the expected feedback. The sender as well as the receiver should attach the same meaning to the symbols or words, otherwise communication would fail. Thus, proper encoding is essential for successful communication. 4) Message That which is encoded, i.e. the idea/concept/information, is the message. Message is an idea transformed into words. It can be expressed in different ways depending on the subject-matter, purpose, audience, personal style and cultural background of the sender. It can be transmitted effectively only when it is well-formulated, clear, and complete in itself. PHASE III- TRANSMITTING: 5) Channel and Medium An appropriate medium chosen to send the message is known as channel. It is the vehicle which facilitates the sender to convey the message to the receiver. Channel is the system used to transmit a message, whereas medium is one of the forms or types used under that system. For example, oral communication is a channel and telephone conversation (a form of oral communication) is a medium. There are three broad channels of communication and there are several media under each- Channel Medium 1. Oral face-to-face conversation, telephone conversation, audio-tapes, voice mail, etc. 2. Written letters, memos, reports, manuals, notices, circulars, questionnaires, minutes, email, fax, etc. 3. Audio-visual cinema, television, video-tapes, video conferences, video chat, etc. Thus, there is a difference between medium and channel. The sender should decide the best possible channel and medium to transmit the message. The selection of an appropriate channel/medium would be influenced by the following factors- a) the nature of the message, b) the urgency of the message, c) the number of receivers, d) the cost factor, and e) the relationship between the sender and the receiver. PHASE IV- RECEIVING: 6) Receiver/Decoder The person who receives the encoded message is referred to as the decoder. He is the intended audience of the message. The receiver may be an individual or a group of individuals. As communication is a two-way process, the receiver is as important as the sender of the message. Communication will not be complete in the following situations- a) in the absence of the receiver, b) if the message does not reach the right/intended receiver, and c) if the receiver does not understand the message. A receiver may be a listener or a reader or a viewer of the message. He not only receives the message but also tries to understand, interpret, and perceive the total meaning of the message, as was intended by the sender, and gives necessary feedback. 7) Decoding It is a process by which the receiver interprets the message and translates it into meaningful information. The meaning of the message is the sum total of the meanings of the words (symbols) together with the tone and the attitude of the sender as reflected by his choice of w